SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN IN INDONESIA

-Dr. Rusnardi Rahamat Putra

Assistant Professor, Padang state University

Padang, Indonesia.

The Indonesian archipelago is located at the boundary of three major tectonic plates, the Indo-Australian, Pacific, and Eurasian plates, stretching from Sumatra in the west to Papua in the east. Indonesia is at the collision point of these three crustal plates. The high subduction-related seismicity in this region means that tsunami and other earthquake hazards are also high. Indonesia has approximately 17,504 islands, with a total land area of 1.92×10⁶   km² and a sea area of 3.26×106 km2. It has experienced a large number of earthquakes in the past. According to catalogued events, the number of earthquakes that have occurred in this region exceeds 45,778 with a magnitude greater than 4.0 from AD 1779 to 2010.

Most of the major historical earthquakes in Indonesia have caused significant damage to facilities (e.g., Utsu et al., 1992; Fauzi et al., 1999; EERI, 2010). Many large earthquakes have occurred in the shallow seas of the area that can produce massive tsunami like the 2004 Banda Aceh event. This earthquake off the coast of Sumatra resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths and a million people homeless (Ghobarah. A et al., 2006). Tectonic and plate boundaries, Large arrows indicate the direction of plate motion.

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How to refine earthquake data downloaded from website?

Are you engineer? or seismologist? or designer? or even you may be a person who have interest on earthquake and its mechanism, time series etc. If you are worry about how you can get and process earthquake data, Here is a complete solution for how you can refine raw earthquake data. Just follow few steps then you can have clear view of earthquake time series.

Step 1: Data download

If you have already data sets of some earthquakes they may be in format like below which had taken in EW, NS and UD directions. Files are named as (station name+date+time ). 

OKN0109805040830.ew

OKN0109805040830.ns

OKN0109805040830.ud       (These files recorded in OKN010 station at 1998/05/04 08:30)

For Earthquake in and near Japan, NIED having 1880 stations records data. To download raw data from NIED click below.

KNET/KIKNET Data Download

 To download you have to register to the site but do not worry its free :) . 

data sets seems like this in website. you can click at right bottom "Download All channels data"

Those data are in zipped folder just unzip them all and save in one folder.

Step 2: Rename files

Now you have three files with extensions *.ew, *.ns, and *.ud. those file names just change in to 1.ew, 2.ns and 3.ud .

Step 3: Download executable programme

You need to download one executable program, that can be downloaded from this link click HERE .

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भुकम्प, यसको असर र जोखीम

(भाद्र २६,२०७० को नागरिकमा प्रकाशित)

यहि भाद्र १४ गते रातको लगभग ११:३५ को आसपासमा नेपालको मध्यभाग ६ रिक्टर स्केल(स्थानिय मापन)को भुईचालोको कारण हल्लिन पुग्यो, सामाजिक संजालहरु एकै पटक भुकम्पमय बने, सबैजना यस प्रति चनाखो बनेको देखियो। UNDP को बिपद् ब्यबस्थापन संबन्धि संस्थाले २००४ मा निकालेको रिपोर्टको आधारमा बिश्वमा भुकम्पिय जोखिमको ११औं स्थानमा पर्ने देशमा हाम्रो तयारी कस्तो छ त? के हाम्रो समाजमा यस्ता भुकम्प आउदा के गर्नुपर्छ, कसरि सुरक्षित रहनुपर्छ भन्ने जनचेतना राम्रो छ त? हिजोकै केहि प्रतिक्रिया हरु हेर्दा र बुझ्दा यसको कमि देखिन्छ। पछिल्ला बर्षहरुमा भुकम्प आउने क्रम बढ्न थालेको देखिन्छ र यसले केहि बर्ष भित्रैमा ठुलै भुइचालो जान सक्छ भन्ने पनि बुझ्न सकिन्छ। भाग्यबस अहिले ठुलो भुईचालो आएको छैन, हामीले सानासाना भुइचालोहरु महसुस गरेका छौं, त्यसैले राजधानीमा ठुलो क्षति हुन पाएको छैन।

नेपालमा भुईचालोको ईतिहास करिब ई. सं. १२५५ देखिको रहेको पाईन्छ जुन समयमा काठमाण्डौंका एक तिहाई देखि एक चौथाई हाराहारी मानिसले ज्यान गुमाएको बताईन्छ। त्यस भन्दा पहिले पनि भुईचालो नगएका होईनन तर कुनै पनि यकिन समयका तथ्यहरु फेला नपरेका मात्र हुन।  यस्तै सन १४०८, १८१० मा पनि ठुला भुईचालो गएका थिए तर यसको यकिन तथ्यांक भेटिएको छैन। सन १८३३ देखि कुनै रुपमा तथ्यांकहरु पाउन सकिन्छ जुन समयमा ७.८ रिक्टरको भुइचालोका कारण काठमाण्डौंका करिब ५०० मानिसले ज्यान गुमाएका थिए। पछिल्लो सन १९३५ (बि. सं. १९९० माघ २) को भुईचालोलाई सबैभन्दा ठुलो भुइचालोको रुपमा लिईन्छ जसको कारण करिब १६००० मानिसको ज्यान गएको थियो। यसै महाभुकम्पको सम्झना र समाजमा भुकम्प संबन्धि जनचेतना फैलाउनको लागी त्यस दिनलाई प्रत्येक बर्ष भुकम्प दिबसको रुपमा मनाउन थालियो। यस बिचमा नेपाल वा भारतका बिभिन्न स्थानमा केन्द्रबिन्दु भएर गएका बिभिन्न भुकम्पको कारण पनि कयौं नेपालीले ज्यान गुमाइसकेका छन।

एक अनुसन्धानले हाम्रो देशको डिजाईन कोड (मापदण्ड) र प्रचलित निर्माण प्रबिधिले निर्मित संरचनाहरु अन्य मापदण्ड (ATC-40 र FEMA-356) बाट निर्मित संरचना भन्दा बढि जोखिममा रहेको जनाएको छ। पछिल्लो समयमा बिभिन्न नगरपालिकाहरुले भुकम्पिय प्रतिरोधि भवनसंहिता लागु गरेकाले नक्सा बनाउदा अनिबार्य पर्ने ठाउँमा मात्र आम मानिसले घर बनाउदा नक्सा बनाउने गर्दछन तर यि मध्ये करिब ८५% (अनुमान) घर हरु नक्सामा रहेको संरचनागत डिजाईन नअपनाई, सामान्य निर्माण ठेकेदारको भरमा बन्ने गरेका छन। निकै कम मानिसले मात्र ईन्जिनियरको रेखदेखमा आफ्नो घर बनाउने गरेका छन। यस किसिमले निर्माण गरिएका संरचना कति बलियो होलान त? हामी सहजै अनुमान लगाउन सक्छौं।

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car crushed by landslide on 31st August 2013, Taiwan

You can see this video how landslide can crush the car... be safe.... be aware, every where...
This video is taken on Keelung-Badouzi, Taiwan
   

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How to find out epicentre of earthquake?

You may confuse that many agencies locate different points for the epicentre of same earthquake, it may happens because of recording stations around the possible location.

Here is one example of one method to find out epicentre.

To figure out just where that earthquake happened, you need to look at your seismogram and you need to know what at least two other seismographs recorded for the same earthquake. You will also need a map of the world, a ruler, a pencil, and a compass for drawing circles on the map.

Here's an example of a seismogram:

FIGURE 1 - OUR TYPICAL SEISMOGRAM FROM BEFORE,

 THIS TIME MARKED FOR THIS EXERCISE (FROM BOLT, 1978).

One minute intervals are marked by the small lines printed just above the squiggles made by the seismic waves (the time may be marked differently on some seismographs). The distance between the begining of the first P wave and First S wave tell you how many seconds the waves are apart. This number will be used to tell you how far your seismograph is from the epicenter of the earthquake.

Finding the Distance to the Epicenter and the Earthquake's Magnitude 1.     Measure the distance between the first P wave and the first S wave. In this case, the first P and S waves are 24 seconds apart. 2.     Find the point for 24 seconds on the left side of the chart below and mark that point. According to the chart, this earthquake's epicenter was 215 kilometers away. 3.     Measure the amplitude of the strongest wave. The amplitude is the height (on paper) of the strongest wave. On this seismogram, the amplitude is 23 millimeters. Find 23 millimeters on the right side of the chart and mark that point. 4.     Place a ruler (or straight edge) on the chart between the points you marked for the distance to the epicenter and the amplitude. The point where your ruler crosses the middle line on the chart marks the magnitude (strength) of the earthquake. This earthquake had a magnitude of 5.0. FIGURE 2 - USE THE AMPLITUDE TO DERIVE THE MAGNITUDE OF THE EARTHQUAKE,  AND THE DISTANCE FROM THE EARTHQUAKE TO THE STATION. (FROM BOLT, 1978)

Finding the Epicenter

You have just figured out how far your seismograph is from the epicenter and how strong the earthquake was, but you still don't know exactly where the earthquake occurred. This is where the compass, the map, and the other seismograph records come in.

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Moderately strong earthquake M6.2 rocked Mexico 21st August 2013

 A moderately strong earthquake shook Mexico's capital Wednesday, but there were no immediate reports of injuries or damages. The U.S. Geological Survey said the quake had a magnitude of 6.2 and was centered on the Pacific coast, near the resort of Acapulco. There was also another after shock of M5.3 lagging of about 32 minute with main shock.

Buildings swayed in the capital and some people evacuated buildings as an earthquake alarm sounded. The alarm also went off for a second, smaller quake a few minutes later. Mexico City is vulnerable even to distant earthquakes because much of it sits atop the muddy sediments of drained lake beds that quiver as quake waves hit.

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Series of earthquakes rocked New Zealand

Strong quakes of foreshock and aftershock for main tremor of M6.5 (initially reported M6.9 but later down to 6.5) at 2:31 PM NZ time rocked newzealand south island. Epicenter was in the north east tip of south island, which is near to the capital city wellington. On the same area about three weeks ago there was tremor of M6.5 caused several damages. Yesterday there was no any report of even serious injury, many people came down to the ground and evacuated to safe places. several people who trapped in elevators were successfully rescued. There were several structural and non structural damages.

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How bullets are loading on earthquake gun in developing countries??

When earthquake of level around M6.5 occur in Japan hardly claim life but if the same level will be in Indonesia, Philippines, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan etc. countries will have to loss in several thousands? Bryan Walsh wrote in TIME as earthquakes are gun and structures are bullet that load on gun and fire to people. He specially focus on south central Asia about earthquake and disaster in his last article How Shoddily Constructed Buildings Become Weapons of Mass Destruction . I totally agree with his article that main problem developing countries are not focused on implementation of seismic design and building codes to public during their private building constructions, hardly they follow for just civic buildings.

Most of the structures in rural areas are still stone masonry in mud mortar, during rainy season even they are more vulnerable to collapse with wetting of mud mortar, even they are as like the stack of stones so they cant hold more tremor intensity and fall down as blow on head. Rural area people must have to aware about seismic risk and its mitigation during construction of their house, with just a small additional amount (about 10%) investment on their house they can get more safer (about double ) building. Rural settlements are also catering more population in developing countries even up to now.

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Earthquake alert message in Japan went wrong

August 08, 2013 at 4:56 PM, i was in my research laboratory concentrating on some programs of my research, In laboratory there are also other friends who are busy on their own task, Cell phones of one friend start to ring and vibrate on different sound, then all of us just little bit confuse about that sound but later with in seconds all of our cell phones display emergency message about the great earthquak . All of us took precautions and just hide under the table but up to few minutes we did not feel any tremor then we just came to normal schedule.

This is the message received on my cell phone

Japan had the best system to issue the emergency warnings (you can see here about earthquake warning system in Japan ) on such events so everyone cares about such message. Messages are not only displayed on mobiles but they automatically broadcast from televisions also. After this message all the train lines got emergency stops, several factories went to just stuck, Hospitals, schools, public areas all got alert. People scared and and remembered one devastating great east Japan earthquake 2011 march. 

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Mega cities and rural area : Linkage and problems

A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people. Some definitions also set a minimum level for population density (at least 2,000 persons/square km). A megacity can be a single metropolitan area or two or more metropolitan areas that converge. The terms conurbation, metropolis and metroplex are also applied later. Top ten megacities are tabulated here as per the data 2013 April.

List of top 10 mega cities

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Confirmed 1906 San Francisco Earthquake fault after century

In 1906 there was a great San Francisco M7.7 Earthquake and fire following earthquake, that cause almost 664 casualties and 225,000 homeless among 400,000 population. More than 28,000 buildings collapsed and loss of more than $400 million of monetary value.

San Andreas fault earthquake cut a trench in 1906 through Portola valley. Seismologists and Geologists are on debate about the source of this earthquake due to poorly reproduced historical map. They are debating for the location of fault that cause earthquake in 1906 was in east and west. Now, Chester Wrucke, a former U.S. Geological Survey geologist, and his son Robert Wrucke, open up the cover to all geologist about rupture. They confirms only west side fault was ruptured during earthquake and also they find the exact location of fault that crosses Alpine road. They compared the 1906 photos to publicly available bare earth lidar imagery of the valley, tracing the historic ruptures onto the modern topography. Bare-earth lidar is an airborne laser measurement technique that results finely detailed topography, free of trees and brush.  

Some photographs of that earthquake are here 

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Earthquake Warning System in Japan

Earthquake is an event when two main plates collide each other in their boundaries for strong shaking, small level of earthquake are even felt by mining, volcanic activities too. Moderate level of earthquake may cause due to inter plate(when in boundary of two major plates) or intra-plate (in between small plates with in major plate). Earthquake produces major waves that they called P-wave and S-wave from the source which travel through the body of earth and reach up to ground surface. In ground it changes in to surface waves and cause tremors on ground so we feel shaking.

Velocity of P-wave is higher than S-wave when they produces in same time during earthquake but they reach to surface in lag of time. S-wave which is slower in its velocity is main responsible for damage to structures. If we can beware before few seconds then we can manage possible safety in any situation. Up to now scientists could not achieve the accurate results of forecasting earthquake but the research is in progress from different aspects  may be in near future they can be able to save lives. Now a days, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has earthquake warning system launched on October 1st 2007. This is based on the phenomenon that P and S waves have different velocities. 

How it works?

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प्रकोप न्युनिकरण र बिकासका चुनौती

 - ई. केशब शर्मा (पौडेल)

मनसुनको औपचारिक प्रबेश नहुँदै जेष्ठ २२ गते राती ताप्लेजुङ्गको थुकिम्बा–६ मा गएको पहिरोले एकै परिवारका सात जनाको मृत्यु तथा चार जना बेपत्ता भएको खबर आयो । त्यस पछी भोजपुर हुँदै मध्य तथा सुदुरपश्चिम लगायत देशका धेरै स्थानहरुमा भीषण वर्षा सँगै आएको बाढी पहिरोले धेरै जनधनको क्षती भएको छ । सरकारी तथ्यांक अनुसार यसै वर्षको असारसम्म मात्र बाढी पहिरोले  ६० जना भन्दा बढीले ज्यान गुमाइसकेका र करीब बाह्र हजार जना बिस्थापित भइसकेका छन । बाढीपहिरोको कारणले नेपालमा हरेक वर्षमा २०० जना भन्दा बढीको मृत्यु, ३०००–४००० घरहरु ध्वस्त तथा दशौं हजार मानीसहरु प्रभाबित र अरबौंको क्षती हुने देखीन्छ ।

नेपालको करिब ८३.५ % भु–भाग पहाडी तथा हिमाली क्षेत्रले ओगटेको छ। नेपालको भु-बनोट विश्वमै कान्छो, अत्यन्त कमजोर र उतारचढाब युक्त मानिन्छ जुन पहिरोको लागि सहज हुन्छ । नेपालका पहाडहरु अत्यन्त भिराला, अग्ला र नरम छन, जब ३ महिनामै  २५०० मिलिमीटर पानी पर्छ भने त्यसलाई पहाडले थेग्न सक्दैन र पैहृो जान्छ नदीले समेट्न सक्दैन र बाढी आउँछ । केही वर्ष यता धेरै स्थानमा सुख्खा पहिरो पनि जान थालेको छ ।

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Global warming, carbon emission and storage : A short look

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century, and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Warming of the climate system is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels. Where we will burn the hydrocarbons and produce CO₂ methane etc. The cause of temperature rise due to GHG is described in figure below.

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1980 M6.6 Earthquake of Western Nepal.

Today July 29, in 1980 western Nepal faced the tremor of M6.6 which took away about 150 lives and left injured nearly 1000 people. Estimated economic loss of that earthquake was ($245 milion!). Nepalese media and people may forget it but they have to remember those events and prepare for next event like this or even more devastating one in near future. Here is a short view on history of earthquake.

Location of 1980 earthquake

Nepal lies on seismic zone, it rests on the boundary of eurasian plate and indian plate with major faults parallel to its length. There are many fault activities responsible for ground tremors, some of them claim casualties but most of them are weak in their power. Nepal has the history of earthquake from 1255 AD when it was assumed that, 1/3 to 1/4th population got death due to earthquake about X in MM scale in Kathmandu, capital of Nepal.

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About Seismic Design Code in Nepal

(This is the part of paper that published on NEA 13th Convention technical journal in Kathmandu.)

ABSTRACT: This paper focus on study of worldwide changes in seismic design codes after large earthquakes especially in design ground motion. Kathmandu is moving towards one of mega cities in Asia, so for urban development in future we have to consider all perspectives of design methodologies to have resilient city not only Kathmandu but also all other major cities. High rise buildings and major lifeline structures within city and gateway to cities are very important to be safe. Design methodologies are major factors of control for the disaster resilient structures alongside with regulation during construction. Here we discuss about consideration of phase for design ground motion for safer structural design. 

Key Words: Urban development, seismic design, phase spectra, design ground motion

INTRODUCTION

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Bridge failure during earthquake and it's mitigation

Major type of Failures

Lifeline structures are those which are directly related to the facilities for existence of society. Nowadays many cities are facing problem to maintain the lifeline structures after the earthquake event. These structures are very important and have to be safe.

There are many lifeline structures among them bridge is also a very important lifeline structure that provide commuting and also transportation of foods, oils, water etc. History of bridge failure starts before 1907 when Qbec bridge fail. There are many failure modes of bridge, main two types of them are:

Photo: collapse of cypress street viaduct (http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/web_pages/oakland.html)

Shear Failure:

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Seismic Monitoring

Real Time Monitor of Japan (From NIED website)
This monitoring of seismic events is live from www.iris.edu

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